The incorporation of women into the ranks of jihadist organisations in Spain has taken place within the context of the current mobilisation linked to the conflict in Syria and Iraq and the emergence of Islamic State as the leading organisation in the field, coinciding too with the emergence of jihadism of a home-grown character in Spain. Featuring their own distinct characteristics and patterns of radicalisation, such women share with their male counterparts both the goals of the global jihad and the means of securing it, taking a highly active role in promoting the caliphate, albeit at some remove for the time being from the front line of combat. This new development in jihadist mobilisation should not, however, be overlooked when it comes to addressing this type of terrorism.
The rise of the Islamic State terrorist organisation as the new vanguard of the global jihadist movement and the establishment of its caliphate in Syria and Iraq in the summer of 2014 represented a turning point in the evolution of global terrorism. It was the advent of a third phase in the evolution of this phenomenon, characterised by a struggle for hegemony over jihadism between the Islamic State and al-Qaeda.1
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It was a call that had an unprecedented impact on Western Europe: of the 30,000 foreign terrorist fighters (FTFs) thought to have travelled to the Middle East to join the terrorist organisations active in the region, principally Islamic State, 5,000 hail from Western European countries. No previous jihadist mobilisation, whether linked to such important conflicts for the Muslim world as the conflicts in Afghanistan in the 1980s, Bosnia and Chechnya in the 1990s or the war in Iraq in the 2000s, had had such a wide repercussion among young European Muslims. The number of people mobilised for the conflict in Syria and Iraq between 2011 and 2016 is some five times the combined number of individuals who travelled to the aforementioned combat zones.3 We are therefore confronted by a mobilisation of unprecedented size, and for the first time it also contains a significant female contingent. Around 10% of the foreign terrorist fighters alluded to above, some 550, are women.4
This paper aims to offer a sketch of a phenomenon that is as yet empirically unexplored, namely female jihadist mobilisation in Spain. While it is not possible to provide a typical profile for these women, it is possible to point out the features that define and differentiate them, from a sociodemographic perspective, from their male counterparts. Various equally important aspects of their radicalisation processes, and the motives that led them to become actively involved in supporting Islamic State, will also be scrutinised. Lastly, the functions they have discharged within the cells, groups and networks (CGNs) to which they belong will be explored.
Among the women arrested and brought before the courts in Spain for Islamic State-related activities between 2014 and 2016 there is not a single case of self-radicalisation. All the women covered by this study acquired the ideology of jihadist salafism that led them to become involved in terrorist activities, whether in a physical or virtual setting, in the company of other women and under the guidance of a radicalisation agent, as shall become evident in what follows. In eight out of 10 cases this radicalisation process was endogenous in nature, in other words it took place at least in part within Spanish national territory, mainly the autonomous city of Ceuta for three out of 10 women (26.3%) and, for two out of 10, in the provinces of Barcelona (23.2%) and Madrid (19.2%).
What usually happens with online radicalisation is that, after making initial contact through pages or profiles in social media, where recruiters are searching for potential targets, and as the relationship becomes stronger, the activity is channelled towards more private and secure settings such as chats installed on mobile devices, through which the young woman being radicalised receives all manner of jihadist audiovisual content, and takes part in conversations about the content, either individually or as part of a like-minded group. Sometimes, the groups created in messaging applications and social media pages tend to reproduce the segregation by sex that exists in the more conservative and rigorous Islamic settings, with only women being admitted.
Before delving into the roles played by the women arrested in Spain for Islamic State-related activities between 2013 and 2016, it is worth enquiring about the motivations that led them to become involved in terrorist activities of a jihadist nature, in order to determine whether the women acted for the same reasons that impelled their male counterparts or whether, on the contrary, they involve another series of individual motives for pursuing a path towards violence.
While it is true that both men and women share the goals of Islamic State and the means for attaining them, the motives that disposed them to become actively committed to obtaining them are strikingly different. As far as the women are concerned, six out of 10 (61.5%) are more inclined to embark upon jihadism for reasons of an emotional or affective nature, including the promise of getting married to a fighter in the field, with whom they typically fall in love over the internet, or whose partner persuades the women to become involved with them. Such motivations are relevant to only one out of 10 of the men (11.1%), who tend to base themselves more on an ideological commitment to the principles and values of jihadist salafism or on instrumental reasons, such as acquiring status, a salary or attaining paradise (68.9%). Such incentives are the main cause for becoming involved for only 15.4% of the women. The data for the two kinds of motivation are therefore almost inverted when comparing sexes. Where the sexes coincide is in the fact that for both two out of 10 men (20%) and women (23.1%) existential and identity causes were the main driving factor in their terrorist involvement. The situations grouped under this heading include lacking a definite identity, a crisis caused by the loss of a loved one, a lack of inspiring life prospects and frustration.
Thus, amid the difficulties it faces on the ground, Islamic State may be contemplating a strategic switch to demonstrate its strength. It should not be forgotten that while life in the caliphate is subject to stringent measures of social control in terms of the behaviour that women must adhere to in all aspects of their lives, these do not apply with such rigour on European soil and it would be less serious to transgress them from a doctrinal perspective. By the same token, if their plans of undertaking hijrah to the caliphate are frustrated, or they return from the caliphate, the women in question could decide to wage jihad at home, heeding the calls of the former spokesperson for Islamic State, Abu Muhammad al-Adnani, to attack their own Western countries of origin, published in the magazine Rumiyah at the end of 2016 and elsewhere.
All the foregoing means we must not underestimate the threat to security for countries such as Spain that could be posed by women recruited from the West into the global jihadist movement. This necessarily entails taking anti-terrorist measures and working on measures to prevent violent radicalisation, especially in the online setting, using the insights gained from gender analysis. De-radicalisation programmes also need to be designed that are tailored to their profiles and circumstances. Prisons and juvenile detention centres, places that have hitherto been removed from this issue and are now housing the first inmates convicted by the courts, will constitute a particularly sensitive environment.
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Match Questions, Gasoline Truth 09:55 lyrics buy track all of our wonders, fortified strongholds steles, and pillars, and temples of the earth; everything will crumble; all empires fall; every gene, every cell, every synapse every last helix of the human DNA will surely be cleansed with death ---kingdom after kingdom after kingdom perish; martyrs of gluttony, apostate emperors, usurpers of the ruby crown will quiver in the quagmires of the sludgy vagina out of which we have crawled as a family, with the filth of birth as our only common denominator, but with every fucking choice we make and every fucking thought we think as the differentiator that rips open an abyss between us that separates us; isolates us in the complete solicitude and loneliness of existence, the horror, the curse of life...the massive conspiracy against all that breathed and will ever breathe; so, choose your death! for it is all that we do... choose your death, destroy yourself; can you really do anything else? no excuses, no solace, no fucking circumstances just a harrowing angst of responsibility. hypnotized ad nauseam by the pendulum of doubt that oscillates between nothing and something we are 'til death, and sunburnt to crisps of cancer proliferating existential melanoma under the raving nihil sun we feel sick; weak; shivering, and we perspire cold sweat; and we throw up from the whiffs of the effluvia of fear and trembling belched from the pharynx of life we have felt increasing like lyme disease since our inception now, many years ago;we throw our nets from towed boats and watch them sink deep in oceans of questions and we carve ourselves a totem in situ out of the megalith of an absurd existence;however, life is merely the parable of truth, and many plankton escape the fishers' net; many meshes are sawn asunder by the ferocious teeth of viperfish, and to this day, no one knows what really is down there, we just know there is something, deep, deep in the deep sea graves of life, life, life - the horrible disease, the bitter prognosis... ...what the fuck will happen when all spiritual antibiotics fail, and the sickness will carress our embarrassed shoulders in tasteless mockery? welcome it, or walk forever in circles:the complete dissolution of the human emotional-intellectual immune system; reason, logic, laws - fuck off - the cunt devours mercilessly- so, choose your death! for it is all that we do... choose your death, destroy yourself; can you really do anything else? no excuses, no solace, no fucking circumstances just this harrowing angst of responsibility. 2. Goddess of Paradox (Tiamat Yawns Awake) 16:27 lyrics buy track goddess of contradiction and paradox absconds like mustard gas over trenches and barbed wire and plucks the roses of beauty and war;her cock shone with blinding radiance through the prism of a hundred ravaged vaginas; she leashed her men in collars, sold her women as whores, strangled the children in acts of love and buried them deep in the graves of tradition they had dug fiercly with their own hands...they walked in chains, in lines, psychotic, babbling, like madmen, like lepers, or like amputees in field hospitals amidst the chaos of war or novices of alchemy entrenched in mudpits of debt and misery eager as fuck to find a way out, at last, of the maze they have brick-built around themselves and while the children wept tears of semen, the men sought prosperity through means of spellcraft, the women gave themselves away, and the dogs were eager to mount them;nothing but the bitter recollection of abortion - the motherly despair of hugging farewell a miscarriage - withstood the erosion of memory, and she carved its memoir deep on the steles of existential dementia and abandon they subsequently rose on the graves and on the tombs of their beloved, remembered dead...she fingered the harps whose strings snapped and begot worlds which morphed around the axis of madness and spiritual intifada; her hands fingered the chaos vulva, abyss of endless possibilites; she, the bearer of iron, withstood it all and declared war on the morality of society.goddess of weirdness and ambiguity whom casts her leather noose and strikes with her thunders and weathers; through that weird, disturbing static; existential white noise;we float like spirits whose tempers been challenged by obnoxious mediums, faux soothsayers, so-called "psychics" pushing the borders to something they do not at all understand;we invite these people to swim in the shark-infested waters they falsely call turf; at the behest of our own compass we tremble within our very atomic structure and we share the starlit sleep, the satin bed, with Inanna, the beautiful, the warring, and we wake up to the sound and the smell of her fingering her luscious vulva. she raises her wet hand to the sea, dripping - Tiamat yawns awake. about after the vinyl compilation was out (early 2015) we felt probably a bit directionless, and, having parted ways with a befriended and talented guitar player, we felt maybe a bit morally weakened to continue. first, for a year almost, we toiled on without the 6-strings and rehearsed quite lengthy material for a proposed upcoming LP. however, that material never surfaced. then we got a new guitar player and created and recorded this mess after rehearsing not enough probably. lyrically, it is some kind of existentialist bullshit on both these tracks. musically, i dont fucking know what this is. it has got some psychedelic improvs, some very unorthodox and quite genious vocal work, some electronic undertones, some noisey ambience, a message of existentialism; all this wrapped up in some sloppy but very authentic and intense black metal-ish music. first we released this digitally in early april 2017. cassette through Manifest of Hate Creations, october 2017.vinyl autumn/winter 2017 throug Goatowarex. included in 2019's "Begynnelsen" compilation. $(".tralbum-about").last().bcTruncate(TruncateProfile.get("tralbum_about"), "more", "less"); credits released April 2, 2017 Abu Bakr al-Uppsalawi - Drums & Words Dingir - VocalsThe New Kid - 6 StringsSpeed Demon - 4 strings $(".tralbum-credits").last().bcTruncate(TruncateProfile.get("tralbum_long"), "more", "less"); license all rights reserved tags Tags experimental ambient black metal electronic jam lo-fi noise outsider music weird Uppsala Shopping cart total USD Check out about The End Commune Uppsala, Sweden 2ff7e9595c
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